自考15043《中国近代史纲要》高频考点汇总

<section style="text-align: center;" nodeleaf="" data-mp-plugin="96weixin"><br/></section><p><section style="margin-bottom: 0px;outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-wrap: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;" data-mp-plugin="96weixin"><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;text-indent: 0em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;visibility: visible;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">自考近现代史纲要相对于其他考试课程来说，考试难度相对较低，建议大家在备考时将事件与时间点联系起来记忆，并坚持每日抽出10分钟过一遍知识点，用最少的时间精力快速通关自考近现代史。</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;text-indent: 2em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section></section><section data-id="119838" style="margin-bottom: 0px;outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-wrap: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;" data-mp-plugin="96weixin"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: center;visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;transform-style: preserve-3d;visibility: visible;"><section style="margin-bottom: -4px;outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;transform: translateZ(10px);visibility: visible;"><section style="padding-left: 2px;outline: 0px;flex-shrink: 0;visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;width: 7px;height: 7px;border-radius: 100%;background-color: #7edfff;overflow: hidden;visibility: visible;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section></section><section style="padding-left: 2px;outline: 0px;flex-shrink: 0;visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;width: 7px;height: 7px;border-radius: 100%;background-color: #7edfff;overflow: hidden;visibility: visible;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section></section><section style="padding-left: 2px;outline: 0px;flex-shrink: 0;visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;width: 7px;height: 7px;border-radius: 100%;background-color: #7edfff;overflow: hidden;visibility: visible;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;transform: translateZ(5px);visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;background-color: #ffd040;border-radius: 5px;visibility: visible;"><section style="padding: 9px 25px;outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;color: #ffffff;text-align: center;background-color: #5c8efe;border-radius: 5px;transform: translateX(-5px);visibility: visible;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;visibility: visible;"><strong data-brushtype="text" style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><span leaf="">自考近现代史纲要历年考点汇总</span></strong></span></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: center;visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: flex;align-items: flex-start;transform-style: preserve-3d;visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;width: 0px;height: 1px;border-top: 10px solid #5c8efe;border-left: 10px solid transparent;border-right: 10px solid transparent;overflow: hidden;transform: translateZ(10px);visibility: visible;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="margin-left: -5px;outline: 0px;width: 4px;height: 10px;background-color: #ffd040;overflow: hidden;transform: skew(-46deg);visibility: visible;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px;outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-wrap: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;" data-mp-plugin="96weixin"><p style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></p></section><section data-id="119832" style="margin-bottom: 0px;outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-wrap: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;" data-mp-plugin="96weixin"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: center;visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: flex;align-items: flex-end;visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;font-size: 20px;letter-spacing: 1.5px;color: rgb(92, 142, 254);border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(235, 246, 255);visibility: visible;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;font-size: 16px;visibility: visible;"><strong style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><span leaf="">0</span></strong><strong data-original-title="" title="" style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><span leaf="">1</span></strong></span></section><section style="padding-left: 5px;outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: flex-end;visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: flex;align-items: center;visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;width: 0px;height: 1px;border-left: 7px solid rgb(255, 208, 64);border-top: 6px solid transparent;border-bottom: 6px solid transparent;overflow: hidden;visibility: visible;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="margin-left: 4px;outline: 0px;width: 0px;height: 1px;border-left: 7px solid rgb(126, 223, 255);border-top: 6px solid transparent;border-bottom: 6px solid transparent;overflow: hidden;visibility: visible;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="margin-left: 4px;outline: 0px;width: 0px;height: 1px;border-left: 7px solid rgb(255, 208, 64);border-top: 6px solid transparent;border-bottom: 6px solid transparent;overflow: hidden;visibility: visible;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: -6px;padding: 6px 15px;outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background-color: rgb(92, 142, 254);visibility: visible;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;visibility: visible;"><strong data-brushtype="text" style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><span leaf="">时间点汇总</span></strong></span></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px;outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-wrap: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;" data-mp-plugin="96weixin"><p style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></p></section><section data-id="120477" style="margin-bottom: 0px;outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-wrap: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;" data-mp-plugin="96weixin"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><section data-width="15%" style="outline: 0px;width: 101.545px;border-top: 5px solid #ffd872;height: 5px;overflow: hidden;visibility: visible;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="margin-top: 4px;margin-bottom: 4px;padding: 15px;outline: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: #6499f9;visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: #1d2b43;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;margin-top: 16px;text-indent: 0em;"><strong><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;visibility: visible;"><span leaf="">1.中国近现代历史划分标志及时间断限</span></span></strong></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;text-indent: 0em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;text-indent: 0em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;visibility: visible;"><span leaf="">中国近代史：1840年鸦片战争爆发1949年新中国成立</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;text-indent: 0em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;visibility: visible;"><span leaf="">中国现代史：1949年新中国成立以来的历史</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;text-indent: 0em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;text-indent: 0em;"><strong><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;visibility: visible;"><span leaf="">2.新民主主义革命的开端标志与历史分期</span></span></strong></section><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;text-indent: 0em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;text-indent: 0em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;visibility: visible;"><span leaf="">⑴新民主主义革命时期：从五四运动到新中国成立</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;text-indent: 0em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;visibility: visible;"><span leaf="">开端标志：五四爱国运动</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;text-indent: 0em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">⑵历史分期</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">① 党的创建时期（1919.5——1923.6）</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">② 国民革命时期（1923.6——1927.7）</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">③ 土地革命战争时期（1927.8——1937.7）</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">④ 抗日战争时期（1937.7——1945.8）</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">⑤ 解放战争时期（1945.8——1949.9）</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><strong><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">3.近代以来中华民族面临的两大历史任务</span></span></strong></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">1949年新中国成立前，争取民族独立和人民解放（第一任务）</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">1949年新中国成立后，实现国家富强和人民富裕（第二任务）</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><strong><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">4.中国近代史的开端标志及主题主线</span></span></strong></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">开端标志：鸦片战争</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;"><section style="outline: 0px;"><section style="outline: 0px;"><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><strong><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">5.近代中国沦为半殖民地半封建社会的屈辱历程</span></span></strong></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">①1840-1842鸦片战争，中英《南京条约》的签订，半殖民地半封建社会的起点</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">②1856-1860年第二次鸦片战争，《天津条约》，《北京条约》签订，加速向半殖民地半封建社会演变</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">③1894-1895年中日甲午战争，《马关条约》签订，大大加深半殖民地半封建化程度</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">④1900年八国联军侵华战争，《辛丑条约》签订，标志半殖民地半封建社会形成。</span></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: flex-end;"><section data-width="15%" style="outline: 0px;width: 101.545px;border-top: 5px solid #ffd872;height: 5px;overflow: hidden;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px;outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-wrap: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" data-mp-plugin="96weixin"><p style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></p></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px;outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-wrap: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" data-mp-plugin="96weixin"><section style="outline: 0px;"><section style="outline: 0px;height: 0px;overflow: hidden;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;"><section style="outline: 0px;"><section data-id="119832" style="outline: 0px;"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: center;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: flex;align-items: flex-end;"><section style="outline: 0px;font-size: 20px;letter-spacing: 1.5px;color: #5c8efe;border-bottom: 3px solid #ebf6ff;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf="">02</span></strong></span></section><section style="padding-left: 5px;outline: 0px;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: flex-end;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: flex;align-items: center;"><section style="outline: 0px;width: 0px;height: 1px;border-left: 7px solid #ffd040;border-top: 6px solid transparent;border-bottom: 6px solid transparent;overflow: hidden;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="margin-left: 4px;outline: 0px;width: 0px;height: 1px;border-left: 7px solid #7edfff;border-top: 6px solid transparent;border-bottom: 6px solid transparent;overflow: hidden;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="margin-left: 4px;outline: 0px;width: 0px;height: 1px;border-left: 7px solid #ffd040;border-top: 6px solid transparent;border-bottom: 6px solid transparent;overflow: hidden;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: -6px;padding: 6px 15px;outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;color: #ffffff;background-color: #5c8efe;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong data-brushtype="text" style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf="">选择题必背考点</span></strong></span></section></section></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;"><p style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></p></section><section data-id="120477" style="outline: 0px;"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;"><section data-width="15%" style="outline: 0px;width: 101.545px;border-top: 5px solid #79AADC;height: 5px;overflow: hidden;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="margin-top: 4px;margin-bottom: 4px;padding: 15px;outline: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: #6499f9;"><section style="outline: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: #1d2b43;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;"><p data-pid="616ZCdQH" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">01. 1840年鸦片战争前，中国社会的性质是封建社会。主要矛盾是地主阶级与农民阶级的矛盾</span></span></p><p data-pid="616ZCdQH" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p data-pid="jUurCx8H" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">02. 清王朝由盛转衰是在乾隆朝后期</span></span></p><p data-pid="jUurCx8H" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p data-pid="pyEHIdrA" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">03. 19世纪初，向中国大肆走私鸦片的主要国家是英国</span></span></p><p data-pid="pyEHIdrA" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p data-pid="l4PSB9Wc" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">04. 西方列强对中国的侵略，首先和主要的是军事侵略</span></span></p><p data-pid="l4PSB9Wc" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p data-pid="d159zW-w" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">05. 西方资本主义国家入侵中国后签订的第一个不平等条约是中英《南京条约》（《江宁条约》）</span></span></p><p data-pid="d159zW-w" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p data-pid="V8H8flue" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">06. 第一次鸦片战争后，清政府被迫与美国签订的不平等条约是《望厦条约》</span></span></p><p data-pid="V8H8flue" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p data-pid="urSpI46a" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">07. 第一次鸦片战争后，清政府被迫与法国签订的不平等条约是《黄埔条约》</span></span></p><p data-pid="urSpI46a" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p data-pid="X-8Zy9XE" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">08. 第二次鸦片战争时期，从中国攫取了一百多万平方公里的土地，获利最大的国家是俄国</span></span></p><p data-pid="X-8Zy9XE" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p data-pid="0yAG7u3s" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">09. 1860年洗劫和烧毁圆明园的是英法联军</span></span></p><p data-pid="0yAG7u3s" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p data-pid="IrUW5BYt" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">10. 将中国领土台湾割让给日本的不平等条约是《马关条约》</span></span></p><p data-pid="IrUW5BYt" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p data-pid="vqasQTvD" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">11. 在中国近代史上规定允许外国人在中国开办工厂的条约是《马关条约》</span></span></p><p data-pid="vqasQTvD" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p data-pid="NT_06CId" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">12. 近代中国的性质是半殖民地半封建社会</span></span></p><p data-pid="NT_06CId" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p data-pid="JpDMxFUg" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">13. 中国开始进入半殖民地半封建社会是在第一次鸦片战争后/1840年后</span></span></p><p data-pid="JpDMxFUg" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p data-pid="PyNz2flT" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">14. 基督教在中国设立的最大的出版机构广学会发行的报刊是《万国公报》</span></span></p><p data-pid="PyNz2flT" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p data-pid="NjaPYe-6" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">15. 中国半殖民地半封建社会最主要的矛盾是帝国主义与中华民族的矛盾</span></span></p><p data-pid="NjaPYe-6" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p data-pid="6R0X-iMM" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">16. 在中国近代史上，人民群众第一次大规模的反侵略斗争是三元里人民抗英斗争</span></span></p><p data-pid="6R0X-iMM" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p data-pid="UNPMhvoR" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">17. 在19世纪末西方列强瓜分中国的狂潮中，提出“门户开放”政策的国家是美国</span></span></p><p data-pid="UNPMhvoR" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p data-pid="JuvvAjfx" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">18. 旧民主主义革命时期，中国反侵略斗争失败最根本的原因是社会制度腐败</span></span></p><p data-pid="JuvvAjfx" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p data-pid="fKX45cii" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">19. 1839年组织编写成《四洲志》，向中国人介绍西方情况的是林则徐，他被誉为近代中国“开眼看世界的第一人”</span></span></p><p data-pid="fKX45cii" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p data-pid="GW2Gdkre" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">20. 1843年，魏源在《海国图志》中提出的思想主张是“师夷长技以制夷”</span></span></p><p data-pid="GW2Gdkre" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p data-pid="GcUY5grY" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">21. 1895年，严复在《救亡决论》一文中提出“救亡”的口号</span></span></p><p data-pid="GcUY5grY" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p data-pid="VKmEC8cK" style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">22. 1898年，严复翻译出版的《天演论》所宣传的思想是“物竞天择，适者生存”</span></span></p></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: flex-end;"><section data-width="15%" style="outline: 0px;width: 101.545px;border-top: 5px solid #79AADC;height: 5px;overflow: hidden;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;"><section style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section></section><section data-id="119832" style="outline: 0px;"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: center;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: flex;align-items: flex-end;"><section style="outline: 0px;font-size: 20px;letter-spacing: 1.5px;color: #5c8efe;border-bottom: 3px solid #ebf6ff;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;font-size: 16px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf="">03</span></strong></span></section><section style="padding-left: 5px;outline: 0px;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: flex-end;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: flex;align-items: center;"><section style="outline: 0px;width: 0px;height: 1px;border-left: 7px solid #ffd040;border-top: 6px solid transparent;border-bottom: 6px solid transparent;overflow: hidden;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="margin-left: 4px;outline: 0px;width: 0px;height: 1px;border-left: 7px solid #7edfff;border-top: 6px solid transparent;border-bottom: 6px solid transparent;overflow: hidden;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="margin-left: 4px;outline: 0px;width: 0px;height: 1px;border-left: 7px solid #ffd040;border-top: 6px solid transparent;border-bottom: 6px solid transparent;overflow: hidden;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: -6px;padding: 6px 15px;outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;color: #ffffff;background-color: #5c8efe;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong data-brushtype="text" style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf="">高频事件考点汇总</span></strong></span></section></section></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;"><p style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></p></section><section data-id="120477" style="outline: 0px;"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;"><section data-width="15%" style="outline: 0px;width: 101.545px;border-top: 5px solid #79AADC;height: 5px;overflow: hidden;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="margin-top: 4px;margin-bottom: 4px;padding: 15px;outline: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: #6499f9;"><section style="outline: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: #1d2b43;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;"><p style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;margin-top: 8px;"><strong><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">1.洋务运动的性质、指导思想、历史作用及其破产标志</span></span></strong></p><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><strong><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">性质：</span></span></strong><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">资本主义性质，清朝封建统治阶级中的洋务派为了维护清朝的封建统治而实行的一场自救改革运动,即具有进步性,也具有落后保守性。</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><strong><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">指导思想：</span></span></strong><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">“中学为体，西学为用”（以中国封建伦理纲常所维护的统治秩序为主体，用西方近代工业和技术为辅助，并以前者来支配后者）</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><strong><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">历史作用：</span></span></strong><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">①洋务运动是近代中国人探索国家出路的一次尝试;</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">②洋务运动客观上促进了中国早期工业和民族资本主义的发展;</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">③开办新式学堂,派遣最早官派留学生,是中国近代教育的开始;翻译了一些近代自然科学书籍，给当时的中国带来了新的知识，使人们开阔了眼界；</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">④传统观念受到冲击,社会风气和价值观念开始变化。</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><strong><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">破产标志：</span></span></strong><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">1895年甲午海战北洋舰队全军覆没。</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><strong><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">失败原因：</span></span></strong><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">洋务运动具有封建性，洋务运动对列强具有依赖性，洋务企业的管理具有腐朽性。</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><strong><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">2.戊戌维新运动的性质及历史意义</span></span></strong></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">性质：资产阶级性质的政治改良运动</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="outline: 0px;text-indent: 0em;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 15px;font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span leaf="">历史意义：戊戌维新运动是一次爱国救亡运动,戊戌维新运动是一场资产阶级性质的政治改良运动,戊戌维新运动更是一场思想启蒙运动，戊戌维新是中国近代史上国家体制改革的第一次尝试。</span></span></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;display: flex;justify-content: flex-end;"><section data-width="15%" style="outline: 0px;width: 101.545px;border-top: 5px solid #79AADC;height: 5px;overflow: hidden;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"><section data-id="106016" style="outline: 0px;"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;"><section style="padding: 30px 25px;outline: 0px;background-color: #F0FBFF;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: inline-block;"><section style="margin-bottom: -19px;outline: 0px;width: 33px;transform: translate(-10px, 0px);"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="padding: 5px;outline: 0px;background-color: #0975FF;border-radius: 8px;"><section style="padding: 4px 18px;outline: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: #ffffff;border-radius: 8px;transform: rotate(0deg);"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #ffffff;"><span leaf="">考点1：中国封建社会的基本特点</span></span></strong></span></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 20px;outline: 0px;text-align: justify;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: #77695e;background: transparent;"><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><section style="outline: 0px;margin-bottom: 8px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">1840年的鸦片战争前，中国社会的性质是封建社会。</span><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf="">中国的封建社会有以下几个特点：</span></strong></span></section><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">1.在经济上，封建土地所有制占主导地位。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">2.在政治上，实行高度中央集权的封建君主专制制度。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">3.在文化上，以儒家思想为核心。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">4.在社会结构上，形成族权和政权相结合的封建宗法等级制度。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf="">综上所述，中国封建社会的主要矛盾，是地主阶级和农民阶级的矛盾。</span></span></strong></span><strong style="outline: 0px;"></strong></p></section></section></section></section><p style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></p><section data-id="106016" style="outline: 0px;"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;"><section style="padding: 30px 25px;outline: 0px;background-color: #F0FBFF;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: inline-block;"><section style="margin-bottom: -19px;outline: 0px;width: 33px;transform: translate(-10px, 0px);"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="padding: 5px;outline: 0px;background-color: #0975FF;border-radius: 8px;"><section style="padding: 4px 18px;outline: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: #ffffff;border-radius: 8px;transform: rotate(0deg);"><section data-brushtype="text" style="outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 1.5px;color: #ffffff;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf="">考点2：近代中国半殖民地半封建社会的特点</span></strong></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 20px;outline: 0px;text-align: justify;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: #77695e;background: transparent;"><p style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">1.资本—帝国主义不但逐步操纵了中国的财政和经济命脉，而且逐步控制了中国的政治，日益成为支配中国的决定性力量。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">2.中国的封建势力同外国侵略势力相勾结，成为外国列强压迫、奴役中国人民的社会基础和统治支柱。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">3.中国自然经济的基础虽然遭到破坏，但是封建剥削制度的根基即封建地主的土地所有制依然在广大地区内保持着，成为中国走向现代化和民主化的严重障碍。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">4.中国资本主义有所发展，并在政治、文化生活中起了一定的作用，但没有成为中国社会经济的主体，在帝国主义和封建主义的压迫下，它的发展很缓慢，力量很软弱，它的大部分与外国资本—帝国主义和本国封建主义都有或多或少的联系。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">5.由于近代中国处于外国列强的争斗和间接统治之中，加上中国地域广大，以及在地方性的农业经济的基础上形成地方割据势力的存在，近代中国各地区经济、政治和文化发展极不平衡。后来，外国列强还分别支持不同的政治势力以分裂中国，使中国处于不统一状态。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">6.在外国列强和封建主义的双重压迫下(后来还加上官僚资本主义)，中国的广大人民尤其是农民日益贫困化以至大批地破产，过着饥寒交迫和毫无政治权利的生活。</span></span></p></section></section></section></section><p style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></p></section><section data-id="106016" style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;"><section hm_fix="383:376" style="padding: 30px 25px;outline: 0px;background-color: #F0FBFF;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: inline-block;"><section style="margin-bottom: -19px;outline: 0px;width: 33px;transform: translate(-10px, 0px);"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="padding: 5px;outline: 0px;background-color: #0975FF;border-radius: 8px;"><section style="padding: 4px 18px;outline: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: #ffffff;border-radius: 8px;transform: rotate(0deg);"><section data-brushtype="text" style="outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 1.5px;color: #ffffff;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf="">考点3：近代中国工人阶级的诞生</span></strong><strong style="outline: 0px;background-color: transparent;color: #77695e;font-size: 14px;text-align: justify;"><span style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;color: #000000;"></span></strong></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 20px;outline: 0px;text-align: justify;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: #77695e;background: transparent;"><p style="outline: 0px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></strong></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf="">中国的工人阶级在近代被压迫的环境中诞生，其具有世界无产阶级的共同优点，又有自身的特点：</span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">1.它深受帝国主义、封建势力和资产阶级三重压迫和剥削，革命性最强。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">2.它人数虽少，但相对集中，便于形成革命的力量和传播先进的思想。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">3.它主要是由破产农民和家庭手工业者转化而来的，同农民有着天然的联系，便于结成工农联盟。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">中国工人阶级是近代中国社会中最先进、最革命、最有力量的阶级。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><p style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></p><section data-id="106016" style="outline: 0px;"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;"><section style="padding: 30px 25px;outline: 0px;background-color: #F0FBFF;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: inline-block;"><section style="margin-bottom: -19px;outline: 0px;width: 33px;transform: translate(-10px, 0px);"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="padding: 5px;outline: 0px;background-color: #0975FF;border-radius: 8px;"><section style="padding: 4px 18px;outline: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: #ffffff;border-radius: 8px;transform: rotate(0deg);"><section data-brushtype="text" style="outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 1.5px;color: #ffffff;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf="">考点4：反侵略斗争的失败和民族意识的觉醒</span></strong></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 20px;outline: 0px;text-align: justify;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: #77695e;background: transparent;"><p style="outline: 0px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;background-color: transparent;"></strong><span leaf=""><br/></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf="">1.反侵略斗争失败的原因</span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf="">(1)社会制度的腐败</span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">社会制度的腐败是中国反侵略斗争失败的根本原因。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">腐朽的清王朝统治者为了自身的私利，不惜出卖国家和民族的利益，总是把防止人民的反抗放在首位，担心人民群众动员起来以后危及自身的统治，宣扬“防民甚于防寇”，压制、破坏人民群众和爱国官兵的反侵略斗争，导致反侵略失败。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf="">(2)经济技术的落后</span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">经济技术的落后是近代中国人民反侵略战争失败的重要原因。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">进入近代以后，西方资本主义强国经过工业革命，经济和技术飞速发展，而中国经济技术落后的局面没有改变，经济总量较小，工业技术落后，洋务运动和民族资本主义经济的发展没有改变这种局面，必然导致被动挨打。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf="">2.民族意识的觉醒</span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf="">(1)“师夷长技以制夷”的主张</span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">林则徐是近代中国睁眼看世界的第一人，组织编成了《四洲志》。1843年，魏源在《四洲志》的基础上编纂了《海国图志》，综述世界各国历史、地理及中国应采取的对外政策，提出了“师夷长技以制夷”的思想。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf="">(2)救亡图存</span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">严复翻译了《天演论》(1898年正式出版)。他用“物竞天择”“适者生存”的社会进化论思想，激发人们的危机意识和民族意识。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf="">(3)振兴中华</span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">1894年11月，孙中山创立革命团体——兴中会，喊出了“振兴中华”的口号。</span></span></p></section></section></section></section><p style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></p><section data-id="106016" style="outline: 0px;"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;"><section hm_fix="280:401" style="padding: 30px 25px;outline: 0px;background-color: #F0FBFF;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: inline-block;"><section style="margin-bottom: -19px;outline: 0px;width: 33px;transform: translate(-10px, 0px);"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="padding: 5px;outline: 0px;background-color: #0975FF;border-radius: 8px;"><section style="padding: 4px 18px;outline: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: #ffffff;border-radius: 8px;transform: rotate(0deg);"><section data-brushtype="text" style="outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 1.5px;color: #ffffff;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf="">考点5：太平天国的历史意义</span><strong style="outline: 0px;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"></strong></strong></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 20px;outline: 0px;text-align: justify;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: #77695e;background: transparent;"><p style="outline: 0px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;background-color: transparent;"></strong><span leaf=""><br/></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">1.沉重打击了封建统治阶级，强烈撼动了清政府的统治根基。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">2.太平天国是中国旧式农民战争的最高峰。它把千百年来农民对拥有土地的渴望在《天朝田亩制度》中比较完整地表达了出来。《资政新篇》则是中国近代史上第一个比较系统的发展资本主义的方案。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">3.太平天国起义冲击了孔子和儒家经典的正统权威。在一定程度上削弱了封建统治的精神支柱。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">4.太平天国农民战争有力地打击了外国侵略势力。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">5.在19世纪中叶的亚洲民族解放运动中，太平天国起义是其中时间最久、规模最大、影响最深的一次。它和亚洲其他国家的民族解放运动汇合在一起，冲击了西方殖民主义在亚洲的统治。</span></span></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><section data-id="106016" style="outline: 0px;"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;"><section style="padding: 30px 25px;outline: 0px;background-color: #F0FBFF;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: inline-block;"><section style="margin-bottom: -19px;outline: 0px;width: 33px;transform: translate(-10px, 0px);"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="padding: 5px;outline: 0px;background-color: #0975FF;border-radius: 8px;"><section style="padding: 4px 18px;outline: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: #ffffff;border-radius: 8px;transform: rotate(0deg);"><span style="outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #ffffff;"><span leaf="">考点6：洋务运动的历史作用</span></span></strong></span></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 20px;outline: 0px;text-align: justify;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: #77695e;background: transparent;"><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;background-color: transparent;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;background-color: transparent;"><span leaf="">1.在客观上促进了中国早期工业和民族资本主义的发展。</span><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">2.成为中国近代教育的开端。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">3.传播了新知识，打开了人们的眼界。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="color: #000000;outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">4.引起了社会风气和价值观念的变化。</span></span></p></section></section></section></section><p style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></p><section data-id="106016" style="outline: 0px;"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;"><section style="padding: 30px 25px;outline: 0px;background-color: #F0FBFF;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: inline-block;"><section style="margin-bottom: -19px;outline: 0px;width: 33px;transform: translate(-10px, 0px);"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="padding: 5px;outline: 0px;background-color: #0975FF;border-radius: 8px;"><section style="padding: 4px 18px;outline: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: #ffffff;border-radius: 8px;transform: rotate(0deg);"><section data-brushtype="text" style="outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 1.5px;color: #ffffff;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf="">考点7：戊戌维新运动的意义</span></strong></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 20px;outline: 0px;text-align: justify;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: #77695e;background: transparent;"><p style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;outline: 0px;color: #000000;"><span leaf="">戊戌维新运动的意义主要表现在：</span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;outline: 0px;color: #000000;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">1.戊戌维新运动是一次爱国救亡运动。维新派在瓜分危机迫在眉睫的关头挺身而出，掀起了变法图存、维护民族独立和发展资本主义的救国运动，反映了时代的要求。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">2.戊戌维新运动是一场资产阶级性质的政治改革运动。维新派冲破了洋务派“中体西用”思想的局限，主张用君主立宪制来取代君主专制制度，在一定程度上冲击了封建专制制度。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">3.戊戌维新运动是一场思想启蒙运动。维新派大力传播西方的社会政治学说，宣传天赋人权、自由平等、社会进化等观念，批判封建君权和封建纲常伦理，有利于民主主义思想在中国的传播。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">4.戊戌维新运动在改革社会风气方面也有不可低估的意义。维新派主张革除陋习，倡导讲文明、重卫生、反跪拜等。</span></span></p></section></section></section></section><p style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></p></section><section data-id="106016" style="outline: 0px;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;"><section hm_fix="383:376" style="padding: 30px 25px;outline: 0px;background-color: #F0FBFF;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: inline-block;"><section style="margin-bottom: -19px;outline: 0px;width: 33px;transform: translate(-10px, 0px);"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="padding: 5px;outline: 0px;background-color: #0975FF;border-radius: 8px;"><section style="padding: 4px 18px;outline: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: #ffffff;border-radius: 8px;transform: rotate(0deg);"><section data-brushtype="text" style="outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 1.5px;color: #ffffff;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf="">考点8：资产阶级革新派的活动</span></strong></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 20px;outline: 0px;text-align: justify;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: #77695e;background: transparent;"><p style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">1894年，孙中山在檀香山组织了中国第一个资产阶级革命组织——兴中会。1895年春，在香港成立兴中会总部，并以“驱除鞑虏，恢复中国，创立合众政府”为誓词，决心推翻清政府，建立资产阶级政权。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf="">（1）主要著作</span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">①章炳麟的《驳康有为论革命书》，强调中国人有能力建立民主共和制度；</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">②邹容的《革命军》，阐述了在中国进行民主革命的正义性和必要性，号召人民推翻清朝统治，建立“中华共和国”；</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">③陈天华的《警世钟》和《猛回头》，抨击了外国列强瓜分中国的罪恶图谋，揭露了清政府的卖国行径，号召人民推翻这个“洋人的朝廷”。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf="">（2）建立革命团体</span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">1905年8月20日，孙中山、黄兴等人在东京成立中国同盟会，以“驱除鞑虏，恢复中华，创立民国，平均地权”为纲领，机关报为《民报》。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">中国同盟会是近代中国第一个全国性的资产阶级性质的政党，它的成立标志着中国资产阶级民主革命进入了一个新阶段。</span></span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px;"><p style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></p><section data-id="106016" style="outline: 0px;"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;"><section style="padding: 30px 25px;outline: 0px;background-color: #F0FBFF;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: inline-block;"><section style="margin-bottom: -19px;outline: 0px;width: 33px;transform: translate(-10px, 0px);"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="padding: 5px;outline: 0px;background-color: #0975FF;border-radius: 8px;"><section style="padding: 4px 18px;outline: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: #ffffff;border-radius: 8px;transform: rotate(0deg);"><section data-brushtype="text" style="outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 1.5px;color: #ffffff;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf="">考点9：关于革命与改良的辩论</span></strong><span style="outline: 0px;background-color: transparent;color: #77695e;font-size: 14px;text-align: justify;"></span></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 20px;outline: 0px;text-align: justify;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: #77695e;background: transparent;"><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;color: #000000;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;color: #000000;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">1905年至1907年，以孙中山为代表的革命派和以康有为为代表的改良派，分别以《民报》和《新民丛报》为主要舆论阵地展开论战。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;color: #000000;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;color: #000000;"><span leaf="">1.论战的内容</span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;color: #000000;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;color: #000000;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">（1）要不要以革命手段推翻清政府，这是论战的焦点。改良派为清政府的民族和阶级压迫政策辩护，认为革命会引起下层社会暴乱，招致外国干涉、瓜分，因此中国只可改良、立宪。革命派强调救国必先推翻清王朝；认为革命不免流血，但可“救世救人”，是疗治社会的捷径；革命就是为了建设，破坏与建设是革命的两个方面。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;color: #000000;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">（2）要不要推翻帝制，实行共和。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;color: #000000;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">（3）要不要社会革命。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;color: #000000;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;color: #000000;"><span leaf="">2.论战的意义</span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;color: #000000;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 1px;color: #000000;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">（1）划清了革命与改良的界限，使人们清楚地认识到实行民主革命的必要性，从而加入革命的行列。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;outline: 0px;color: #000000;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">（2）使资产阶级民主思想和三民主义思想得到了更加广泛的传播，为推翻清朝统治的革命斗争奠定了思想基础。</span></span></p></section></section></section></section><p style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></p><section data-id="106016" style="outline: 0px;"><section style="margin: 10px auto;outline: 0px;text-align: center;"><section hm_fix="280:401" style="padding: 30px 25px;outline: 0px;background-color: #F0FBFF;"><section style="outline: 0px;display: inline-block;"><section style="margin-bottom: -19px;outline: 0px;width: 33px;transform: translate(-10px, 0px);"><span leaf=""><br/></span></section><section style="padding: 5px;outline: 0px;background-color: #0975FF;border-radius: 8px;"><section style="padding: 4px 18px;outline: 0px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: #ffffff;border-radius: 8px;transform: rotate(0deg);"><section data-brushtype="text" style="outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 1.5px;color: #ffffff;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span leaf="">考点10：反对北洋军阀的斗争</span><strong style="outline: 0px;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;"></strong></strong></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 20px;outline: 0px;text-align: justify;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: #77695e;background: transparent;"><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;background-color: transparent;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;background-color: transparent;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">1912年3月10日，袁世凯在北京就职。袁世凯窃夺辛亥革命的果实之后，建立了北洋军阀政权，开始了北洋军阀统治中国的时期。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;background-color: transparent;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">面对北洋军阀的黑暗统治，以孙中山为首的资产阶级革命派仍坚持革命的立场，为捍卫资产阶级民主革命成果进行了一系列的斗争。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf="">1.发动“二次革命”。</span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">为反对袁世凯刺杀宋教仁和“善后大借款”，1913年7月，李烈钧在江西湖口通电讨袁，不久黄兴在南京宣布讨袁，其他地方也先后响应。战争主要在九江、南京一带进行，史称“赣宁之役”，又称“二次革命”。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf="">2.组织中华革命党。</span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">二次革命失败后，孙中山逃亡日本。1914年7月，孙中山在东京正式成立中华革命党。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf="">3.发动护国战争。</span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">为反对袁世凯称帝，1915年12月250，蔡锷宣布云南独立，护国运动爆发。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf="">4.发动第一次护法运动。</span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">袁世凯死后，北洋军阀分裂。皖系段祺瑞掌握了中央政权之后，公然破坏《中华民国临时约法》，拒绝恢复国会。1917年7月中旬，孙中山率领部分国会议员南下广州，发动了第一次护法运动。</span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf="">5.发动第二次护法运动。</span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span leaf=""><br/></span></span></strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: #000000;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 15px;"><span leaf="">1919年10月，孙中山将中华革命党改组为中国国民党。1920年8月，孙中山传令粤军陈炯明部回师广东，讨伐桂系军阀岑春煊、陆荣廷。11月，孙中山重返广东，恢复军政府，领导第二次护法战争。</span></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></p><p style="display: none;"><mp-style-type data-value="3"></mp-style-type></p><p><br/></p><link rel="stylesheet" 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